The American epidemic of obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contemporary issues in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contemporary issues in showcasing - Essay Example The meaning of RM as expressed by Gronroos (1994, p.22) is: Relationship Marketing is to build up, keep up, and improve associations with clients and different accomplices, at a benefit, so the goals of the gatherings included are met. This is accomplished by a shared trade and satisfaction of guarantees. Moreover Harker (1999) had the option to utilize the aftereffects of his examination to construct another meaning of RM. As indicated by Harker (1999, p.16) RM is the point at which an association is occupied with proactively making, creating and keeping up submitted, intelligent and beneficial trades with chosen clients extra time. Gronroos (1994) further added to the RM banter when he perceived that promoting blend the executives was starting to lose its situation as the prevailing showcasing worldview. He noticed that relationship building and the board, or relationship promoting, was one driving new way to deal with showcasing which was getting progressively famous among advertising writing (Gronroos, 1994). ... The Benefits of Relationship Marketing Reichheld and Kenny (1991) led their examination and took a gander at the advantages got by firms from holding long haul faithful clients. They noticed that contemporary methodologies for improving gainfulness included cost decrease and cost increments. They found these systems, while effective in the present moment really sabotaged long haul benefits (Reichheld and Kenny 1991). By looking at the exhibition between banks partaking in the investigation (Reichheld and Kenny 1990-1991) found that the individuals who concentrated on holding store clients outflanked their rivals. Reichheld and Kenny (1991) ascribed the expansion in development to the 'moving of rivalry from the open market where the banks had little control,' to inside their branches, where they could practice more noteworthy control. Reichheld and Kenny (1991, p.20) distinguished five key zones that influenced long haul execution and expanded benefits. 1) Balances develop after some time; 2) The cost of procuring new clients is brought about just in the primary year, accordingly the more extended the relationship the lower the amortized cost; 3) The expense of keeping up clients is to some degree fixed, in this manner upkeep costs decrease as the relationship stretches; 4) Long-term clients are bound to grow their relationship to different items or administrations; and 5) Long-term clients are bound to allude their companions and family members to the bank. Reichheld and Kenny (1991) finished up by taking note of that the banks that effectively oversee maintenance will build up themselves as development and benefit pioneers inside the retail banking industry. Subsequent to perceiving that RM writing concentrated transcendently on the advantages of client devotion from the point of view of the firm, Gwinner, Gremler, and Bitner (1998)

Helping aspiring teachers reach higher with new Official Praxis® Core Prep

Helping aspiring teachers reach higher with new Official Praxis ® Core Prep Teachers and students are the heart of all that we do at Khan Academy. That’s why it was a no-brainer for us to partner with ETS,  the makers of the Praxis ® exams, to help aspiring teachers enter the profession. Our new Khan Academy Official Praxis ® Core Prep is a free, first-of-its-kind preparation resource which is now available for tomorrow’s educators.  Watch our announcement videoAspiring teachers can use Official Praxis ® Core Prep to create a personalized learning plan to prepare for the Praxis ® Core Academic Skills for Educators (Core) test, a key exam for many candidates entering teacher preparation programs. Using Official Praxis ® Core Prep can strengthen the reading, writing, and math skills needed to succeed on the Praxis ® Core test, in teacher preparation programs, and in the classroom.    There are a lot of resources out there that say they will help you, but they are expensive and you never know if they will really help, said Vivica Foster, an aspiring teache r in Ohio who was part of the Official Praxis ® Core Prep beta test. Not only is it amazing that this program is free, but the number and variety of practice questions available really tested my knowledge and prepared me for test day.            Together, Khan Academy and ETS hope to widen the path to teacher preparation programs and help diversify the teacher pipeline. A recent study by the National Bureau of Economic Research underscores the importance of diversifying the pool of teachers. The study shows that having a Black teacher increases Black students’ high school graduation rates and likelihood of enrolling in college.                  Official Praxis ® Core Prep diagnoses teacher candidate’s strengths and weaknesses. Each learner then receives a personalized study plan to remediate skill gaps and help them succeed on test day. Official Praxis ® Core Prep guides teacher candidates through a series of in-depth instructional materialsâ€"including practice ques tions, videos, and tipsâ€"that meet their unique needs. The program focuses on key subject matter areas and takes into consideration the time available to study for the test.Khan Academy has a proven track record of leveling the playing field by providing access to high-quality test prep resources. Official Praxis ® Core Prep is Khan Academy’s third free and official test prep program for high-stakes standardized exams. In 2015, Khan Academy launched Official SAT Practice with the College Board. Research shows this resource has driven substantial SAT score improvements regardless of gender, family income, race, or ethnicity with similar usage rates across demographics. In 2018 Khan Academy launched Official LSAT Prep, which is being used by more and more by aspiring law students, particularly African Americans, women, and economically disadvantaged students.  To explore Khan Academy Official Praxis ® Core Prep and begin practicing, visit https://www.khanacademy.org/praxis-core.

The Latin America Debt Crisis - 1002 Words

The Latin America debt crisis What Happened Both internal and external for Latin Americas roller coaster economic performance in what was known as the crisis. During the 50’s and 60’s there was favorable conditions in place to maintain steady employment creation, capital investment and overall economic expansion. But this period ended in 1973 amid the first world oil crisis rocked the world economy and caused an era of debt-led growth among the oil importing Latin America countries. Latin American countries were hit by a slow down in economic growth. The import bill in these nations sky-rocketed and exports saw a massive slump as demand for Latin American products fell abruptly as the world economy slowed down. When a second oil price†¦show more content†¦The governments limited their costs by slashing social spending; education, health, social services, etc.., devaluing the national currency via lowering export earnings and increasing import costs, creating strict limits on food subsidies, cutting worke rs jobs and wages, taking over small subsistence farms for large-scale export crop farming and promoting the privatization of public industries. Most countries suffered a recession and often depression; and the poorest of the poor were most affected. As Latin America’s economies stagnated, per capita income plummeted, poverty increased, and the already wide gap between the rich and the poor widened further. The debt crisis seriously eroded whatever gains had been made in reducing poverty through improved social welfare measures over the booms of the 60’s and early 70’s. Poverty grew 50 percent; malnutrition 40 percent; children were increasingly recruited into the drug trade and prostitution; long-term unemployment and its adverse social effects increased; the weakening of local communities and the growth of crime and an epidemic of homicides, are but a few of the many dilemmas that the debt crisis caused. In August 1982 Mexico announced to the international financial community that it did not have enough external liquidity to fulfill its financial obligations and requested a 90 day rollover of the payments of the principal to prepare toward definite restructuringShow MoreRelatedThe Latin American Debt Crisis1584 Words   |  7 Pages The Latin American Debt crisis did not occur over night, the crisis was many years in the making and signs of its arrival were prominent in Latin American society. The reasons for its occurrence are also expansive; some fault can also be place in countries outside of Latin America. The growth rate in the real domestic product of many Latin American countries grew at a constantly high rate in the decade prior to the crisis in the 1980s, this growth led to an increase in foreign investment, corporateRead MoreCauses for 1980s Debt Crisis Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesbackground and causes of debt crisis in late 1970s and 1980s. The debt crisis was know as financial crisis and defined as a point of a countrys foreign debt accumulation exceed its earning power and the country has no ability to repay the debt. The readily identification of debt crisis was Mexico’s inability to serve its outstanding debt of $80 billion debt. And the situation continue to worsen, and one year later, by October 1983, 27 countries owing $239 billion had reschedule debts or in the processRead MoreThe Impacts of the IMF and the World Bank Essay937 Words   |  4 Pages1979 - 80. The rising oil prices acted as one of the factors which brought about the world debt crisis. Theses had transferred billions of petrodollars into the hands of oil-producing countries, which lacked adequate investment opportunities at home. They were therefore, almost forcing their loans on to others, particularly on middle-income countries such as those of Latin America. At the same time, developing countries, faced with prices of oil and other imports, whichRead MoreBrazil, Mexico And Argentina1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brazil, Mexico and Argentina are the largest, most industrialized and most diverse economies of Latin America. The three became independent countries in the early 19th century and, at the end of it, slowly started their industrialization processes, which have intensified only from the early 1930. With the crisis of 1929 and the economic depression that followed, the industrialised countries started to buy less goods sold by the exporting countries of agricultural and mineral products. AtRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words   |  6 Pages Theodore Roosevelt was a President known for a very dynamic and progressive administration, and his foreign policy in Latin America was no exception. His policies in Latin America were beneficial for the rapidly growing United States, but left an impact on Latin America that was both positive and negative. President Roosevelt took past policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to have the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particularRead MoreHow the Stock Market Crash of 1929 Affected Central America669 Words   |  3 Pages The stock market crash of 1929 affected the countries in Central America and all over Latin America which followed the Great Depression. Before this all happened, the United States had major ties, like exportation, to Central America and most notably Mexico; so when America crashed, they all crashed. The underdevelopment of Latin America was never clearer. It was the time between the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century when the fertile low lands were being exploitedRead MoreRoosevelt Corollary Of The Doctrine1245 Words   |  5 PagesVenezuela stopped paying their debts to European bankers. As a result European naval forces formed a blockade around the Venezuelan coast and began to bombard their ports. To prevent the fast and loose financial transactions that had characterized the Improvement Company’s bond flotations, Roosevelt imposed government supervision of the lending institutions that took charge of Dominican finances and ordered Hollander to make a thorough, objective study of the Dominican debt (Veeser325). Roosevelt sawRead MoreNicaragua And Its Monetary Policy Analysis Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fundaments of a money market and LM curve is the locus of equilibrium between the interest rate and income in the money market. LM curve determines the supply side of money and is positi vely sloped w.r.t to interest rate and income. Like many Latin American countries, Nicaragua is a socialist country and hence, functions with a deficit budget. Deficit, if remained uncontrolled, has the potential to induce inflation in an economy. As in August, 2015, the inflation rate recorded in its economyRead MoreMexican Economy Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment collapse? To calm these shock waves United States President Bill Clinton, acting on his executive order, organized an approximately $49.5 billion aid package ($20B U.S., $17.5B International Monetary Fund, $10B BIS, $1B Consortium of Latin American countries, $1B Canada) to Mexico (Department of State Dispatch, 78). This move could make globalization a friend or a foe in Mexico’s case. Friend, because it opens opportunities for foreign countries and companies to further expand theirRead MoreA Review On Disclosure Practices1726 Words   |  7 PagesA Review of Disclosure Practices of Latin American Companies Abstract This paper analyzes current practices in several Latin American countries in the areas of corporate disclosure and transparency by focusing on the extent to which information is disclosed to investors through public channels, such as websites. We find weak disclosure practices, which will continue to prove problematic for capital flows and the future development of these countries. Specifically, poor disclosure practices lead

Essay on Death Penalty Capital Punishment and Violent Crime

Capital Punishment and Violent Crime Hypothesis Most Americans are pro-death penalty, even though they dont really believe that it is an effective deterrent to violent crime. Those who are pro-death penalty will remain so, even if faced with the best arguments of anti-death penalty activists and told to assume the arguments were absolutely true. Violent crime Violent crime is a major problem in the United States. According to the ACLU, the violent crime rate rose sixty-one percent nationwide over the last two decades, making America one of the most dangerous countries in the industrialized world to live in. Americans are seven to ten times more likely to be murdered than the residents of most European countries and Japan†¦show more content†¦Six month later, in January 1977, the first execution under the new death penalty laws took place in the United States, ending the moratorium of capital punishment that began in 1967. Since that time, there have been many studies and public opinion polls to determine the effectiveness of the death penalty. When a Gallup poll asked those who were pro-death penalty to explain the reason for their position, most of them said that the death sentence was an effective deterrent of crime, it was more economic than life sentences, it was a moral obligation to the victims families, and it was necessary to bring justice to society. When the same poll asked those who were against the death penalty their reasons to be opposed to capital punishment, they stated that it was wrong to take a life, wrongful convictions may occur, it did not deter crime, it was unfairly applied, rehabilitation was possible and punishment should be left to God. About a year ago, while I was watching a popular television show, I heard a spokesman for Amnesty International claim that when people were told that the death penalty was more expensive than life in prison, a majority polled said they were o pposed to the death penalty. I doubted his assertion, and this was the basis for myShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1523 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, which can also be referred to as the death penalty, has been around for hundreds of years. Ever since it began, there has been discussions as to whether it is morally correct, and as to whether it actually influences criminals. Some believe that the possibility of being put to death often stops criminals from committing violent crimes. Others believe the reciprocal, stating that those that partake in violent crimes are driven to do so for various reasons, and whether they haveRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Form Of Torture971 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is nothing new; executions have taken place for centuries. Capital punishment is utilized throughout the world. Thirty-six countries currently use the death penalty in law and practice. One hundred and three countries have abolished the death penalty completely. Whereas, six countries currently retain the death penalty for special circumstances, such as war crimes (CIA World Factbook). Whether capital punishment is an effective measure to curb future violent crimes is still debatedRead MoreThe Case Against Death Penalty: Article Analysis1694 Words   |  7 PagesOpposing the Death Penalty: The death penalty is basically enforced following unfair trials and for non-lethal offenses like economic crimes, drug-related crimes, and sexual relations between consenting adults. While there have been ongoing calls to abolish this sentence, capital punishment is still used in some cases on the basis that international law does not prohibit the death penalty. However, its now apparent that many nations across the globe are abolishing capital punishment as evident inRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1031 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment has been a part of the U.S criminal justice system for centuries. The death penalty has been the most controversial aspect. The death penalty is legal in 33 states but the rest of the 19 states abolished it. There are over half of Americans that support the death penalty while the rest of them believe that it is unacceptable. People who support the death penalty believe that capital punishment lowers future crime rates, but people who are against it believe that it is a cruelRead MoreDeath Penalty On Violent Criminals1520 Words   |  7 Pages28 November 2015 Death Penalty on Violent Criminals The Death penalty, known as capital punishment is when a criminal is executed by a governing authority. We (the United States) continue to allow the death penalty. Many countries make the death penalty illegal. Many discussions over this being legal, moral ethical, and economic ramifications of the death penalty are continuous across the world. Most of the nations have at one time made the death penalty legal for serious crimes. â€Å"Since 1800, theRead MoreProposal Annotated Bibliography Assignment: Capital Punishment1255 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Assignment: Capital Punishment Proposal Annotated Bibliography Assignment: Capital Punishment By: Richard Dilay Proposal I am proposing writing a research paper on the contemporary issue of capital punishment. While, capital punishment has been outlawed in Canada, it still remains a viable option in most parts of the World, including some areas of the United States. With the recent push by the Stephen Harper government, with their crime agenda initiatives, I feel itRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On The Economy Of United States1320 Words   |  6 PagesSince ancient times, the death penalty has existed in many forms and was carried out strictly to enforce the laws of society. As society grew more complex, many different factors influenced the development of the death penalty, or capital punishment as it has developed into in the United States. Because of this, controversy about whether or not to have the punishment arose, leading to much debate on the topic. The paper will analyze and observe the Capital Punishment and its influence on the economyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Most Human e And Deserving Punishment1335 Words   |  6 Pagesreceive the death penalty? The punishment for murderers and rapists should be as heinous as the crime they committed. The death penalty is the most humane and deserving punishment that should be dealt. b. Background: It is important to understand that the death penalty predates the Roman and Egyptian empires. It can be traced as far back as ancient Babylon under the reign of King Hammurabi during the 18th century BCE. There has been many definitions and translations of the rules for the death penaltyRead MoreAmerica s Debate On Capital Punishment760 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s Debate: Should the Capital Punishment be abolished in the United States? Violent crimes such a murder, rape, sexual assault, and robbery are perpetrated by criminals once every few minutes in this country. Lawmakers spend countless hours enacting laws to prevent these crimes. The introduction of the death penalty is an effort to deter criminals from committing heinous crimes. What exactly does the death penalty accomplish? The best description of the term death penalty is the legal executionRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Cruel And Violent Process1343 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Capital punishment is a cruel and violent process that is extremely expensive to many taxpayers, discriminating against one s race and well being in justifying cases, and overall has a negative effect on society. I. High in cost A. Life in prison B. Cost of taxes C. Cost of programs II. Discrimination in cases A. Wealth B. Racism III. Violent in application A. Cruel and unusual B. Denial and rights IV. Counters of argument A. Statistics B. Deterrence C. Life Capital punishment is a cruel

Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards Free Essays

The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past few years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made. The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law. Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish their own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups. This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it does not matter which state you are in they are all the same. These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth. Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach. However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading. When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great tool for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career. â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future. How to cite Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards, Papers Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards Free Essays The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past few years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made. The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law. Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish their own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups. This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it does not matter which state you are in they are all the same. These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth. Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach. However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading. When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great tool for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career. â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future. How to cite Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards, Papers

Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards Free Essays

The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past few years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made. The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law. Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish their own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups. This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it does not matter which state you are in they are all the same. These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth. Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach. However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading. When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great tool for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career. â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future. How to cite Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards, Papers Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards Free Essays The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past few years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made. The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law. Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish their own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups. This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it does not matter which state you are in they are all the same. These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth. Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach. However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading. When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great tool for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career. â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future. How to cite Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards, Papers

The Residue of Internal Conflict and Colonialism on Sri Lanka free essay sample

The country I chose to research for my geography paper was Sri Lanka, primarily because my family has strong ethnic connections to the country. My parents were born and raised in Sri Lanka, and later immigrated to Canada as refugees due to ethnic tensions escalating in the nation. They were survivors of the infamous 1983 riots, which sparked the mass migration a large number of the Sri Lankan Tamil population (Korf 287). Introduction A â€Å"once described paradise by European settlers† Sri Lanka is an island located off the southern coast of India (Norton 179). Like many countries it has a â€Å"long history of colonization, by the Portuguese, Dutch and British, having achieved independence in 1948† (Norton 190). Supportive of the dependency theory discussed in the fifth chapter of Human Geography, former colonies are dependent on developed countries. They achieve third world status and are less developed due to the historically extensive exploitation of their resources by colonial powers; Sri Lanka has experienced hindered growth due to this reason (Norton 188). We will write a custom essay sample on The Residue of Internal Conflict and Colonialism on Sri Lanka or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a nation that had already been debilitated by colonialism, Sri Lanka experienced further hindrance in development in recent years due to both anthropocentric and natural disasters. This paper discusses the twenty-six year civil war between the Sri Lankan government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which came to a bloody end four years ago in 2009. The civil war is a crucial component of Sri Lanka’s history and its impact trickled into every aspect of the nation’s identity in terms of political framework, cultural identity, social interactions, international relationships and the economy. The conflict had significantly devastated the country and its people by economic measures, increasing social tensions and environmental destruction (Grobar and Gnanaselvam 395). Suggestions will be featured in the paper, regarding how Sri Lanka can combat the drawbacks it has recently experienced. The Aftermath of the Sri Lankan Civil War Background to the Internal Conflict Sri Lanka’s population is comprised primarily of two ethnic groups: the Singhalese majority representing 74% and Tamil minority representing 12 % of the population. Tensions between these two groups date back as far as 150 B.C.E, due to cultural differences (Grobar and Gnanaselvam 395). The Singhalese population practices Buddhism, which is a universalizing faith (seeking converts) while the Tamil population is mainly Hindu (an ethnic religion that does not seek converts) (Norton 238-240). In addition to practicing different faiths, the two populations speak different languages further deepening the division between both ethnic groups. In 1972 the government consolidated its power to the Singhalese majority, thus expressing and acting upon the interests of the dominant group. Consequently Tamils demanded to form a separate state in the Northern and Eastern provinces, fearing that their culture would be lost unless their values were embedded in state policies. Seeking Tamil in dependence triggered the formation of violent separatist group the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The group periodically clashed with the Sri Lankan government, gaining power in the Northern province. However the conquest for a separate State of Eelam came to an abrupt end in 2009; with a vast majority of the LTTE wiped out by the Sri Lankan military and their international allies. (Grobar and Gnanaselvam 395). Despite the despise of the LTTE, the scars of the civil war remain and continue to act as a barrier to the growth of Sri Lanka. Economic Drawbacks of Civil War The internal conflict in Sri Lanka is responsible for several of the economic drawbacks the country endured and currently faces. The government obtained extra funds by significantly decreasing investments allocated for economic services as well as â€Å"borrowing from domestic sources, abroad or central† (Grobar and Gnanaselvam 399). Also as a result of low domestic savings, Sri Lanka became increasingly dependent on income generated from export markets, foreign savings and investment (Grobar and Gnanaselvam 401). Loss of cultivable land contributed to the deceleration of economic growth and the country’s inability for subsistence. Supportive of the â€Å"idea of entitlements,† remaining cultivable land is used to grow export crops such as tea leaves at the expense of local production; making Sri Lanka vulnerable to global market changes (Norton 196). Bomb attacks on physical infrastructure in the capital/economic hearth Colombo projected an image of instability among foreign investors (Arunatilake, Jayasuriya and Kelegama 1494). Sri Lanka’s tourism industry experienced a massive decline due to the poor public image it has generated for being a country damaged by ethnic disputes. In 2006, it was reported that resorts were only functioning at 20% capacity. Additionally, buffer zones have been established 100 meters within the coast, a huge blow to businesses aspiring to rebuild damaged structures (Norton 179). The Tamil Diaspora Cultural Loss The prolonged period of violence deeply impacted the social life of Sri Lankan citizens, and built animosity between the different ethnic groups present. Large Tamil populations were relocated from their homes as internally displaced persons, and were forced to flee the country as asylum seekers in foreign countries. An estimate of 700000 people Tamils reported immigrated abroad, which is roughly one third of the Tamil population prior to the civil war, this mass migration is referred to as the Tamil Diaspora (Korf 287). As seen in Figure 2 a large number of once Tamil inhabited landscape was destroyed as an outcome of the civil war, which additionally endangers the survival of the minority’s culture (â€Å"Hindu temple of ritual significance destroyed in Trincomalee† 2009). â€Å"Tamils that have fled war-torn areas and seek residence in Colombo are forced to re-negotiate their Tamilness to avoid being picked on by security forces (Korf 287). Having to conceal oneâ⠂¬â„¢s ethnic background or assimilate to the dominant group is a sign of the endangerment of culture (Norton 275). The immigration of a majority of skilled Tamil workers impacted the economy as well; leaving behind laborers in the agricultural industry (Arunatilake, Jayasuriya and Kelegama 1484). Internally displaced Tamils were not allowed to return back to their homes, and had their property claimed illegally by the Singhalese under the protection of the armed forces/police. Notably in the town of Trincomalee, Tamil fishermen and farmers were prohibited from entering fishing grounds, but were open for use by the Singhalese (Korf 285). A significant loss of human life with conservative estimates of casualties ranging between 750,000 to 100,000 were provided by the government; since media censorship has been issued those statistics are not considered valid (Arunatilake, Jayasuriya and Kelegama 1487). The internal conflict in Sri Lanka is not just interwoven in the nation’s h istory but its impact is deeply embedded in the day to day life of its citizens. Brutish Policies in the Name of State Security The poor population of both Singhalese and Tamil heritage suffered greatly in the duration of the civil war and in its four-year aftermath. A consequence of the war was the alteration of state policies allowing unlimited military power/authority to ensure the maintenance of state security. In order to control the local population both the military and police developed a series of checkpoints in areas once under the LTTE’s domain. These policies allow for â€Å"round-ups, checks and raid at anytime instilling uncertainty upon the life of the Tamil population.† (Korf 285). Sri Lanka’s harsh security policies have earned stern criticism from organizations like Amnesty International. Claims of arbitrary arrests, unjust detainments, abductions, torture and executions in the custody of security forces have continued to swarm around the Sri Lankan government. The enforced media censorship has also sparked suspicions of malpractice by the government (â€Å"Annual Repor t† 2012). Although there has been a cease of violence in Sri Lanka since 2009, the country has yet to achieve a sense of nationhood and mutual respect between ethnic groups. Discussion As a nation Sri Lanka is incredibly vulnerable to both natural and human made disasters. An obvious example would be the Indian earthquake and Tsunami that took place in 2004, demonstrating the fragility of the nation. The Indian Ocean lacked a Tsunami warning system that was in place in the Pacific Ocean, and the Sri Lankan public health system was not prepared for a natural disaster of the tsunami’s magnitude (Yamada 38). The tsunami was responsible for 38,195 casualties and the displacement of 834,000 people on the island (Lee 1410). Although it was not the root cause, the tsunami further aggravated pre-existing problems regarding infrastructure, political and social grounds. It should be noted that during this time period the civil war in Sri Lanka was still on going. The LTTE had political control of the North and East thus post-tsunami relief was their responsibility (Yamada et al. 39). Sri Lanka heavily relied on foreign aid to support post-tsunami relief, which sugges ts its dependency on developed countries. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka received more than 1 billion dollars in aid within two months of the tsunami (Yamada et al. 45). The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami acted as an additional obstructing factor in the progress of Sri Lanka’s growth as a developing nation (Lee 1410). Sri Lanka was particularly sensitive to the severe aftermath of the tsunami given the characteristics it possesses as a less developed country i.e. its â€Å"fragile cultural, political and economic conditions making its people vulnerable to environmental extremes† (Norton 200). Without assistance from wealthier foreign countries and non-government organizations, Sri Lanka would be in complete turmoil post-tsunami (Yamada et al 45). Sri Lanka’s economy (particularly it’s primary industries) strongly reflects its dependency on global markets. Given that the nation’s development occurred during a stressful environment it could not c ompete with the economic achievements of its South Asian counterparts. Malaysia and South Korea shared a similar starting GDP as Sri Lanka, but the former catapulted into economic success due to a politically stable environment allowing for financial growth (Kelegama 18). Protectionism (the creation of policies to protect workers with in a nation by regulating foreign trade) by developed countries is credited for the thriving success of Sri Lanka’s garment industry. Also many policies were placed to encourage â€Å"export-led industrialization and attract foreign investment† (Kelegama 54). As a result of such policies Sri Lanka is becoming increasingly dependent on unstable international income. 90% of the country’s export earning are generated through the sales of plantation exports such as tea, coconut and rubber in exchange for the purchase of food imports (Herring 325). The affairs of Sri Lanka have always been that of international concern due to the number of Sri Lankans that reside in foreign countries. In the final years of the Sri Lankan civil war a number of Diaspora Tamils publicly voiced criticism towards the government’s lack of civilian protection (Korf 287). Thus, cultural ties exist between Sri Lanka and the larger global society through the dispersal of its people abroad. The battle between the LTTE and Sri Lankan government also generated strong military ties/alliances with superpowers India and China. China not only provided funding for defeating the LTTE in 2009 but has also vowed to invest 760 million dollars for Sri Lankan infrastructure development in November 2012 (â€Å"Sri Lanka-China strengthens military ties† 2012). Sri Lanka has burned bridges with other developed countries on the grounds of suspected human rights violations such as the US and Canada. Stephen Harper announced his decision to boycott a heads of government summit in Sri Lanka in 2013, because the country had failed to improve its human rights records. The United States decided to stiffen military support on the same grounds (â€Å"World Report 2012: Sri Lanka† 2012). What can be deduced from the preceding research is that Sri Lanka is a nation reliant on the protection provided by foreign countries in a military and monetary perspective. Conclusion It can be concluded Sri Lanka is a nation that has continuously been debilitated and set back due to a series of events (predominantly man made). Being under the domination of differing European groups surely hindered its growth, but colonial exploitation is a characteristic shared by a large number of countries. The latter have been able to thrive economically despite the historical set back i.e. India. Needless to say, there are other factors that prevented Sri Lanka from achieving such success. Dependence on other countries, unjust state policies and mismanagement by the government are the root causes of the problems Sri Lanka experienced/continues to face. The hostility between the two ethnic groups in Sri Lanka is still a threat despite the termination of the civil war. â€Å"Tamils claim to be victims of unjust, education and colonization policies† (Korf 285). The latter was the grounds by which the LTTE first started their rebellion against the Sri Lankan government, to achieve equality by governing their own state. The Sri Lankan government could ease the cultural tension in the country by providing minority groups with validation of their culture in state policies such as making Tamil an official language or removing culturally prejudiced policies. If implemented, the minority group wouldn’t feel their culture was endangered thus would not seek separation from the state. In addition the government should take initiatives to preserve the Tamil culture and prevent its distinction, with the restoration of destroyed cultural landscapes inhabited by the minority group. Instead of seeking â€Å"state homogeneity† e ncouraging acculturation by the Sri Lankan government would encourage mutual respect without certain ethnic groups feeling pressured to assimilate (Korf 295). Some argue that the cultural resentment between the Tamils and Singhalese is irreversible and cannot be eradicated simply with the adjustment of policies, but a shift in cultural attitude is required. On the contrary I believe that tensions between the two groups are not completely ethnically motivated but are supplemented by poverty. Benedikt Korf makes a valid point in the article Who is the rogue? Discourse, power and spatial politics in post-war Sri Lanka: Corruption, nepotism and clientele networks have mainly benefited the English speaking elite in Colombo and a small rural elite of local politicians and their clients. These clientele structures reproduce poverty in the south and have created grievances among the rural Singhalese youth, who cannot fulfill their economic aspirations (Korf 285). This excerpt identifies that the Sri Lankan infrastructure caters to the elite, neglecting a majority of the population regardless of cultural background. As highlighted in the seventh chapter of Human Geography, it is known that economic problems are the breeding grounds for blaming certain ethnic groups and triggering social conflict. When individuals feel they cannot achieve their goals and are deduced to live in poverty, they lash out in extremist measures (Norton 273). Thus, assessing the government’s actions towards improving economic conditions in poor rural areas would be beneficial to alleviating social conflict/tensions. One of the concerns of regional geography addressed in the second chapter of Human Geography was that â€Å"regions reflect characteristics of the occupying society and consequently impact that society† (Norton 38). As previously noted, the presence of state security is prominent in the northern regions of Sri Lanka, which were previously under the LTTE control. The physical presence of the military has become permanent feature in the landscape and instills a fear in citizens who live under the notion that although the war has halted, their fear has not. From a human geographic perspective, the removal of intimidating state security in the public eye would help in the restoration of a more peaceful attitude for Sri Lankan citizens. As for solving Sri Lanka’s foreign dependency problem, it is largely in the hands of the allocation of government investment. Sri Lanka has had 50% of its rice imported from foreign countries although it has a suitable environment to grow staple crops domestically. Instead farmers are growing export crops (Herring 325). It would be wise if the government focused on developing Sri Lanka’s infrastructure so that it can generate a stable income domestically, as opposed to relying on global markets that are susceptible to change. Shifting economic focus from globally to domestically generated income reduce its vulnerability and dependency on international countries. Works Cited Annual Report 2012 The state of the worlds human rights. Amnesty International. Amnesty International, 2012. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. . Arunatilake, Nisha, Sisira Jayasuriya, and Saman Kelega. The Economic Cost of the War in Sri Lanka. World Development 29.9 (2001): 1483-500. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. . Grobar, Lisa M., and Shiranthi Gnanaselvam. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 41.2 (1993): 395-405. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. . Herring, Ronald J. Economic Liberalisation Policies in Sri Lanka: International Pressures, Constraints and Supports. Economic and Political Weekly 21 Feb. 1987: 325. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Google Scholar. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. . Image of Murukan desecrated. 2009. TamilNet. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . Kelegama, Saman. Development Under Stress: Sri Lankan E economy in Transition. Colombo: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2007. 18-54. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Google Scholar. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Kondrashov, Sergey. Distribution of Languages and Religious groups of Sri Lanka 1981. 1981 Census of Population and Housing, Colombo. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. . Korf, Benedikt. Who is the rogue? Discourse, power and spatial politics in post-war Sri Lanka. Political Geography 25.3 (2005): 279-97. The Hekman Library. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. . Lee, A.C.K. Local perspectives on humanitarian aid in Sri Lanka after the tsunami. Public Health 122.12 (2008): 1410-17. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. . Norton, William. Human Geography. 7th ed. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Sri Lanka-China strengthens military ties. The Official Government News Portal of Sri Lanka. Department of Government Information, 12 Nov. 2012. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. . World Report 2012: Sri Lanka. Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 2012. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. . Uyangoda, Jayadeva. Ethnic conflict, ethnic imagination and democratic alternatives for Sri Lanka. Futures Beyond Nationalism 37.9 (2005): 959-88. ScienceDirect. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. . Yamada, Seiji, Ravindu P. Gunatilake, Timur M. Roytman, Sarath Gunatilake, and Thusara Fernando. The Sri Lanka Tsunami Experience. Disaster Management Response 4.2 (2006): 38-48. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. .

The Beliefs of Humors in Medieval Medicine Essays

The Beliefs of Humors in Medieval Medicine Essays The Beliefs of Humors in Medieval Medicine Paper The Beliefs of Humors in Medieval Medicine Paper During the Medieval time period, few advances were made in the field of medicine and surgery. The belief in humors affecting ones health during the Middle Ages was responsible for the way health care was carried out. Practitioners in Medieval Europe believed in the existence of four humors: sanguine, choler, phlegm, and melancholy. The physicians thought that illness was caused, primarily, by an imbalance of the humors (Wallace). Each of the four humors was given specific qualities. Choler was dry and hot, melancholy was dry and cold, sanguine was moist and hot, and phlegm was moist and cold. Another property sometimes associated with the humors was color. Such as red for sanguine, and yellow for choler. This association of color and humors eventually became known as the Doctrine of Signatures which taught that â€Å"the color of flowers and other properties of plants indicated their usefulness in treating particular diseases† (Wallace). One example of this would be using yellow buttercups to control choler, to cure jaundice (Wallace). The physician and practitioners believed that â€Å"balance of humors in humans was achieved by diet, medicines, and phlebotomy† (Krzywicka). Changing diet was very popular in the lower classes while â€Å"real† medicine and phlebotomy were reserved for people of higher social standing (Krzywicka). Eating habits of an individual in Medieval Europe depended greatly on his financial status and, many times, his geographic location. When the change of diet was used to balance humors, the Doctrine of Signatures was put into use. For example, if one had too much sanguine in his system, he would give up foods red in color until everything was back in balance (Krzywicka). If a change of diet did not suit the patient, medicine would be administered. The type of medicine used would depend entirely on the ill person’s social class. Someone of an upper class would get a prescription from a formerly trained physician where as someone belonging to a lower class would seek help from a â€Å"folk† doctor (Krzywicka). â€Å"The medicines in the Medieval ages more often than not would take the forum of herbal remedies† (Krzywicka). Plants and other random substances were given certain properties to match those of the humors. Fold doctors (mainly women) generally gave prescriptions which did not involve taking anything internally. Such an idea would be wearing lavender to ward off the plague. Someone seeking help from trained practitioner would often be prescribed something such as a laxative, taken orally, to relieve hi body of the humor at fault. If something of this nature did not heal the patient, he would be sent to a surgeon. The surgeon then â€Å"worked to diagnose which humor was at fault then balanced out or purged the humor†¦often by bloodletting† (Wallace). â€Å"Bleeding was [a]†¦treatment thought to restore a balance of the humors in the body† (Black 5). Because of this, Bloodletting, or phlebotomy, was a common thing in Medieval times. The area of the body the blood was drained from depended on where the illness was located. Generally, the surgeons adjusted the humors â€Å"by bloodletting from the sides of the body opposite of the disease† (â€Å"Doctor’s Procedures†). More often than not the administration of bloodletting was unsuccessful, sometimes ending in the deadening of a limb or even death (â€Å"Doctor’s Procedures†). Because of the damage done during bloodletting, sometimes a person would have to have a limb removed. Amputation during the Middle Ages was not very safe. Since the link had not yet been made between health and cleanliness (germs had not been â€Å"invented† yet), many people died after an amputation due to infection of the wound. Fortunately, though, the patient would feel no pain during the operation due to the use of the opium poppy as an anesthetic (â€Å"Medicine in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The idea of the four humors held back medicine in many ways during the Middle Ages. Fortunately due to trade and other forms of communication with the outside world, most of this was rectified. Some ideas, such as trained physicians, did, however, remain. Bibliography : Black, Lois Fischer. â€Å"George M. Teeple: Rural Practitioner. † Favourite Edition September 1999:1-8. â€Å"Doctor’s Procedures. † The Medieval Medicine Web Site. Online. Internet. 14 October 2002. Available http://union-city. k12. nj. us/curr/stp/larts/medieval/medicine/proced. html. Krzywicka, Magdalena. â€Å"Education. † Medieval Medicine. 2000. Online. Internet. 8 October 2002. Available dorkart. com/med/ index. php. â€Å"Medicine in the Middle Ages. † The Causes and Cure of Disease. Online. Internet. 14 October 2002. Available http://minstercollege. schoolzone. co. uk/subjects/history/mhist/Medicine. htm. Wallace, Susan. â€Å"Commonly Used Medicinal Plants. † Mostly Medieval. 1999. Online. Internet. 9 October 2002. Available http://skell. org/ SKELL/plants. htm.

Biography of Lope de Aguirre, Madman of El Dorado

Biography of Lope de Aguirre, Madman of El Dorado Lope de Aguirre was a Spanish conquistador present during much of the infighting among the Spanish in and around Peru in the mid-sixteenth century. He is best known for his final expedition, the search for El Dorado, on which he mutinied against the leader of the expedition. Once he was in control, he went mad with paranoia, ordering the summary executions of many of his companions. He and his men declared themselves independent from Spain and captured Margarita Island off the coast of Venezuela from colonial authorities. Aguirre was later arrested and executed. Origins of Lope de Aguirre Aguirre was born sometime between 1510 and 1515 (records are poor) in the tiny Basque province of Guipà ºzcoa, in northern Spain on the border with France. By his own account, his parents were not rich but did have some noble blood in them. He was not the eldest brother, which meant that even the modest inheritance of his family would be denied to him. Like many young men, he traveled to the New World in search of fame and fortune, seeking to follow in the footsteps of Hernn Cortà ©s and Francisco Pizarro, men who had overthrown empires and gained vast wealth. Lope de Aguirre in Peru It is thought that Aguirre departed Spain for the New World around 1534. He arrived too late for the vast wealth that accompanied the conquest of the Inca Empire, but just in time to become embroiled in the many violent civil wars that had broken out among the surviving members of Pizarros band. A capable soldier, Aguirre was in high demand by the various factions, although he tended to pick royalist causes. In 1544, he defended the regime of Viceroy Blasco Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, who had been tasked with the implementation of extremely unpopular new laws which provided greater protection for natives. Judge Esquivel and Aguirre In 1551, Aguirre surfaced in Potosà ­, the wealthy mining town in present-day Bolivia. He was arrested for abusing Indians and sentenced by Judge Francisco de Esquivel to a lashing. It is unknown what he did to merit this, as Indians were routinely abused and even murdered and punishment for abusing them was rare. According to legend, Aguirre was so incensed at his sentence that he stalked the judge for the next three years, following him from Lima to Quito o Cusco before finally catching up with him and murdering him in his sleep. The legend says that Aguirre did not have a horse and thus followed the judge on foot the entire time. The Battle of Chuquinga Aguirre spent a few more years participating in more uprisings, serving with both rebels and royalists at different times. He was sentenced to death for the murder of a governor but later pardoned as his services were needed to put down the uprising of Francisco Hernndez Girà ³n. It was about this time that his erratic, violent behavior earned him the nickname Aguirre the Madman. The Hernndez Girà ³n rebellion was put down at the battle of Chuquinga in 1554, and Aguirre was badly wounded: his right foot and leg were crippled and he would walk with a limp for the rest of his life. Aguirre in the 1550s By the late 1550s, Aguirre was a bitter, unstable man. He had fought in countless uprisings and skirmishes and had been badly wounded, but he had nothing to show for it. Close to fifty years old, he was as poor as he had been when he left Spain, and his dreams of glory in the conquest of rich native kingdoms had eluded him. All he had was a daughter, Elvira, whose mother is unknown. He was known as a tough fighting man but had a well-earned reputation for violence and instability. He felt that the Spanish crown had ignored men like him and he was getting desperate. The Search for El Dorado By 1550 or so, much of the New World had been explored, but there were still huge gaps in what was known of the geography of Central and South America. Many believed in the myth of El Dorado, the Golden Man, who was supposedly a king who covered his body with gold dust and who ruled over a fabulously wealthy city. In 1559, the Viceroy of Peru approved an expedition to search for the legendary El Dorado, and about 370 Spanish soldiers and a few hundred Indians were put under the command of young nobleman Pedro de Ursà ºa. Aguirre was allowed to join up and was made a high-level officer based on his experience. Aguirre Takes Over Pedro de Ursà ºa was just the sort of person Aguirre resented. He was ten or fifteen years younger than Aguirre and had important family connections. Ursà ºa had brought along his mistress, a privilege denied to the men. Ursà ºa had some fighting experience in the Civil Wars, but not nearly as much as Aguirre. The expedition set out and began exploring the Amazon and other rivers in the dense rainforests of eastern South America. The endeavor was a fiasco from the start. There were no wealthy cities to be found, only hostile natives, disease and not much food. Before long, Aguirre was the informal leader of a group of men who wanted to return to Peru. Aguirre forced the issue and the men murdered Ursà ºa. Fernando de Guzmn, a puppet of Aguirre, was put in command of the expedition. Independence From Spain His command complete, Aguirre did a most remarkable thing: he and his men declared themselves  the new Kingdom of Peru, independent from Spain. He named Guzmn Prince of Peru and Chile. Aguirre, however, became increasingly paranoid. He ordered the death of the priest that had accompanied the expedition, followed by Inà ©s de Atienza (Ursà ºas lover) and then even Guzmn. He eventually would order the execution of every member of the expedition with any noble blood whatsoever. He hatched a mad plan: he and his men would head to the coast, and find their way to Panama, which they would attack and capture. From there, they would strike out at Lima and claim their Empire. Isla Margarita The first part of Aguirres plan went fairly well, especially considering it was devised by a madman and carried out by a ragged bunch of half-starved conquistadores. They made their way to the coast by following the  Orinoco  River. When they arrived, they were able to mount an assault on the small Spanish settlement at Isla Margarita and capture it. He ordered the death of the governor and as many as fifty locals, including women. His men looted the small settlement. They then went to the mainland, where they landed at Burburata before going to Valencia: both towns had been evacuated. It was In Valencia that Aguirre composed his famous letter to Spanish King Philip II. Aguirres Letter to Philip II In July of 1561, Lope de Aguirre sent a formal letter to the King of Spain explaining his reasons for declaring independence. He felt betrayed by the King. After many hard years  of  service to the crown, he had nothing to show for it, and he also mentions having seen many loyal men executed for false crimes. He singled out judges, priests and colonial bureaucrats for special scorn. The overall tone is that of a loyal subject who had been driven to rebel by royal indifference. Aguirres paranoia is evident even in this letter. Upon reading recent dispatches from Spain concerning the counter-Reformation, he ordered the execution of a German soldier in his company. Philip IIs reaction to this historic document is unknown, although Aguirre was almost certainly dead by the time he received it. Assault on the Mainland Royal forces attempted to undermine Aguirre by offering pardons to his men: all they had to do was  desert. Several did, even before Aguirres mad assault on the mainland, slipping off and stealing small boats to make their way to safety. Aguirre, by then down to about 150 men, moved on to the town of Barquisimeto, where he found himself surrounded by Spanish forces loyal to the King. His men, not surprisingly, deserted  en masse, leaving him alone with his daughter Elvira. The Death of Lope de Aguirre Surrounded and facing capture, Aguirre decided to kill his daughter, so that she would be spared the horrors that awaited her as the daughter of a traitor to the crown. When another woman grappled with him for his harquebus, he dropped it and stabbed Elvira to death with a dagger. Spanish troops, reinforced by his own men, quickly cornered him. He was briefly captured before his execution was ordered: he was shot before being chopped into pieces. Different pieces of Aguirre were sent to surrounding towns. Lope de Aguirres Legacy Although Ursà ºas El Dorado expedition was destined to fail, it may not have been an utter fiasco if not for Aguirre and his madness. It is estimated that Lope either killed or ordered the death of 72 of the original Spanish explorers. Lope de Aguirre did not manage to overthrow Spanish rule in the Americas, but he did leave an interesting legacy. Aguirre was neither the first nor the only conquistador to go rogue and attempt to deprive the Spanish crown of the royal fifth (one-fifth of all spoils from the New World was always reserved for the crown). Lope de Aguirres most visible legacy may be in the world of literature and film. Many writers and directors have found inspiration in the tale of a madman leading a troop of greedy, hungry men through dense jungles in an attempt to overthrow a king. There have been a handful of books written about Aguirre, among them Abel Posses  Daimà ³n  (1978) and Miguel Otero Silvas  Lope de Aguirre, prà ­ncipe de la  libertad  (1979). There have been three attempts to make films about Aguirres El Dorado expedition. The best by far is the 1972 German effort  Aguirre, Wrath of God, starring Klaus Kinski as Lope de Aguirre and directed by Werner Hertzog. There is also the 1988  El Dorado, a Spanish film by Carlos Saura. More recently, the low budget  Las Lgrimas de Dios  (The Tears of God) was produced in 2007, directed by and starring Andy Rakich. Source: Silverberg, Robert.  The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Athens: the Ohio University Press, 1985.

The Implementation of climate change and greenhouse emission policy Essay

The Implementation of climate change and greenhouse emission policy - Essay Example South Australia`s population is relatively high, hence the need for more land and this results to the cutting and burning down of trees. It also brought about an increase in the transport sector where nearly 25% of energy resource is consumed. Poor disposal of waste matter from the industries and homesteads has resulted to the production, of carbon dioxide and methane gases produced by decaying waste product. Agriculture is a main economic activity in Australia and it has its side effects such as the production of methane from sheep and nitrous acid from fertilizer, which are harmful to the environment. This climate change sent an alarm to the government to come up with laws, and ways that will reduce the effects of climate change and the greenhouse effect. Spoehr states that, â€Å"In July 2007, the South Australian Parliament passed The Climate Change and Greenhouse Emission reduction Act, 2007†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.targets are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within Australia by at least 60 % by the end of 2050† (2009,p.177). By the end of 2014, the amount of renewable energy used and consumed will comprise of twenty percent the total. The Australian Government has come up with ways to curb the climate change, by the introduction of solar rebate. This is a system that provides homesteads with energy from sunlight to provide electricity for homes. The government came up with this incentive, so as to reduce the amount of electricity consumption in South Australia to about 33%. With the introduction of this incentive, a programme called solar hot water rebate was started in February 2010; the government replaced this programme with renewable Energy Bonus Scheme. The reduction of gas emission targets and green jobs: The Australian government aims to encourage people to volunteer in the degradation of gas emissions, and the reduction of gas emission, with a national target put into

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Management - Case Study Example The expansion in this industry, may involve the increase in the products available in the market. For instance, Gucci can decide to produce more bags into the industry hence increasing their market share of the total bags in the industry. This strategy, however, can lead to overproduction in a company, which relates to oversupply in the markets (Bandinelli et al., 2013). Such situations often lead to a decline in the market prices of related commodities in the market. Apart from expansion, diversification is an internal growth approach that enables the companies to enter new business lines that not similar with the current business operations. Diversification has four major divisions namely the vertical, concentric, horizontal and conglomerate diversification. Diversification improves the marketing and economic ability of a company and enables the companies to tap into market sectors that are underperforming towards the fulfilment of customer needs (Capello & Ravasi, 2009). This strategy, nevertheless, in the Italian fashion industry, may require extreme knowledge of the industry and the prevailing trends in that particular industry. In the event that a clothing company decides to diversify into the manufacture of shoes, the company may have to invest extra funds in hiring quality professionals to produce shoes that will attract customers from the other retailers. On the other hand, external growth strategies are development plans that involve cooperation between one company and another from the same region, country or from foreign regions and countries. Collaboration is a major trend in the Italian fashion industry that involves the companies working jointly to pursue a common goal. The Valentino Fashion Group that involves the Versace, Dolce & Gabbana and the Armani Collections is an example of external growth strategy that aims at gaining

Native American Sound Instruments Essay -- essays research papers

"Native American Sound Instruments" Through my own personal experiences and teachings from Native Americans, that have offered to enlighten me, I've gathered that there is a sacred nature rich in spirit and soul to them. The Native American lives religion as a way of life. Children of the tribe grow up in this world of spirituality and learn from example that religion can come as easily as taking a breath every day. This is no attempt to lead into the topic of religion, yet it needs to be known that the Native American sound instruments are used as a part of that religion or spirituality. There are many sound instruments used by Native Americans, but they vary accordingly from tribe to tribe. The Native American sound instruments are considered a way to almost imitate the processes of nature to attain their level of spirituality during ceremonies as well as every day life. The drum and the flute are just a few of the sound instruments used by Native Americans, yet the drum stands out as of major importance. The drum provides a center for the tribe because it tends to represent a symbolic importance. Black Elk of the Oglala tribe was once quoted as explaining that symbolic importance as, "a drum's round form represents the universe. The steady strong beat of the drum is the pulse, the heart, throbbing at the center of the universe. As the voice of Wakan Tanka, it stirs and helps us to understand the mystery and power of things." (The Spirit World, page 149) Wakan Tanka is the name given to the Great Mystery, also known as the Big Holy or the Great Spirit, and this Wakan Tanka is considered as the one ruling power known as "Good." The First Nations consider, no, they believe that every thing has a soul or a life force and that they are also dependent on each other. The drum Rodriguez 2 beats as if it is representing a heartbeat, this heartbeat could signify our beginning as if being safe inside a mother's womb. The drum is also believed to posses a "medicine" quality. A drum can be made of many types of wood as well as many types of animal skin, yet there is only preference because of each individual tribe or person making the drum. Drums can be made in a various array of sizes, again depending on preference. Sizes can range from small enough for an individual to large enough for twelve people. The average size is... ...l living things and the Native American sound instruments may be a key to reaching the center of the spiritual universe. Works Consulted DeBelius, Maggie, "The Spirit World." The American Indians Series, ED. Henry Woodhead, Time-Life Books, 1993. Edmonds, Margot. and Clark, Ella. "Voices of the Winds:Native American Legends". New York: Facts on File, 1989. Erdoes, Richard. and Ortiz, Alfonso. "American Indian Myths and Legends", New York: Pantheon, 1984. Frances Densmore. " The Study of Indian Music", Smithsonian Report, 1941, Facsimile Reproduction, The Shorey Bookstore, Seattle, WA, 1996. R. Carlos Nakai. and James Demars. " The Art of the Native American Flute", Canyon Records Productions, Phoenix, Arizona. Richard W. Payne, M.D. "The Plains Flute",The Flutists Quarterly, 1988, Vol. 13, no.4, The National Flute Association, Ind. Ann Arbor MI. Richard W. Payne, M.D. "The Native American Plains Flutes", Toubat Trails Publishing Co. Oklahoma City Publishing Co., 1999. William K. Powers. "The Art of Courtship Among the 0glala", American Indian Art, Spring, 1980, Vol. 5, No.2, PP 40-47.

Developmental Writing Stages

Introduction The learning process of reading, writing and speaking for children are taught at home and at school. While reading often begins with recognizing the letters of the alphabet and matching appropriate letters to the sounds, the writing process is a method of connecting words to print. When a child starts to hold a crayon, his process of learning to write commences. As writing is a developmental process that children go through at their own pace each writing stage is an important experience that offers children the time to explore and experiment with their own writing.These stages overlap as children progress and reach the writing stages at different ages. Developmental Stages of Writing Based on the works of Richard Gentry and â€Å"The Conventions of Writing Developmental Scale†, there are eight stages of writing development namely: scribbling, letter-like symbols, strings of letters, beginning sounds emerge, consonant represent words, initial, middle and final soun ds, transitional phases and standard spelling (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007). At the scribbling stage, the child’s markings are large, circular, random, resembles drawing and includes exploratory movements (ibid.). Marks are often light colored and are the result of banging the drawing tool on paper, dragging, or sweeping as the child is just starting to get acquainted with the tool (Bailer, 2003). As the child draws, his or her attention may be elsewhere. At the letter-like symbol stage, spacing is rarely present and the child begins to produce letter-like forms that show some similarity to the letters that are randomly placed and interspersed with numbers (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007).The children can also discuss their own drawings or writings (Crosby & Ongie, (n. d). Children write some legible letters in capital letters that do not have appropriate matching of letter and sound at the string of letter phase (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000). The writings do not have spacing and the first letters to appear in their writing are usually found in their names. Although unrecognizable, children may attempt to read their message (McCardle, 2008)At the beginning sounds emerge stage, children begin to see the difference between a letter and a word, but they do not use spacing between words (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007). Their message makes sense and it matches the picture, especially when they personally choose the topic (ibid. ). The children use some letters to match sounds and use a beginning letter to represent the whole word (McCardle, 2008). At this stage, children tend to reverse letters and words as they explore the physical properties of print (Crosby & Ongie, (n.d). The consonants represent words stage shows that children begin to leave spaces between their words, may often mix upper and lowercase letters in their writing and write sentences that tell ideas (Fox Chapel Area School District , 2008; Hudon, 2007). At this stage, they write words with beginning and ending sounds and spell some high frequency words correctly (McCardle, 2008). This is also known as the semiphonetic stage where children write with appropriate letter and sound matching and with spacing between words (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000).Children who are at the initial, middle and final sounds phase may spell correctly some sight words, siblings' names, and environmental print but other words are spelled the way they sound (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007). This is also the phonetic stage whereby children write with appropriate letter and sound matching for all audible phonemes in each word (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000). A readable, interspersed with words writings that follows the standard form and letter patterns are at the transitional phase (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007).This writing also approaches conventional spelling (ibid. ). Children at this stage are writing words the way they sound, leave spaces between words, use punctuation marks, spell many high frequency words correctly and write one of more sentences (McCardle, 2008). Finally, at the standard spelling phase, children can spell most words correctly and are developing an understanding of root words, compound words, contractions and spelling patterns (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007; Meek & Vandermeer, 2000).This is also known as the conventional stage of writing. Conclusion All children go through the developmental stages of writing. Although some may be more advanced than the other, all children will go through the stages at different ages as each child is unique. It is important to prepare the young children’s mind and body by incorporating some home and school activities that will help them explore the printed form of language. References Bailer, K. (2003). Developmental Stages of Scribbling. Great Barrington, MA Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://k-play.com/pdf/The%20Developmental%20Sta.pdf. Crosby, J. & Ongie, A. (n.d.). Early Writing Experiences: A Parent’s Guide to Early Writing Experiences for Preschoolers. East Tennessee State University Child Study Center. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://sig.cls.utk.edu/Products/SIG_Early_Writing_Experiences_Flyer.pdf. Fox Chapel Area School District (2008). The Developmental Stages of Writing. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www.fcasd.edu/j_district/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=773&Itemid=98 Hudon, L. (2007). Knowing Your Child as a Writer. Yarbrough Elementary School. Auburn, AL. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www.auburnschools.org/yarbrough/lphudon/Reading%20Coach/knowingyourwriter.htm McCardle, L. (2008). Early Writing Development. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www.lindaslearninglinks.com/earlywrtgdev.html Meek, N. and Vandermeer, M. (2000). Process Writing. Rockets Fern Bluff Elementary, Round Rock ISD. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://teacherweb.com/TX/BlacklandPrairieElementary/MrsTamaraBrinkley/ProcessWriting.ppt.   

The Effects Of Child Abuse On A Child s Brain Structure

When one hears the words childhood trauma they instantly assume that a child is getting a physical beating, either that the child is locked in a room or is tied up. However, the truth is that there is so many different other types of child abuse that can lead to child trauma. Some of the types of abuse can be parental neglect; in which, a parent can either ignore the child completely or in that the child feels that their parent loves another child more than them. Other types of child abuse that can lead to trauma can be the death of a relative, parents’ divorce, the child being bullied, and any outside environment struggles, such as 9/11 and war. Child hood trauma has been proven to have a major impact on a child’s brain structure. These impacts have consequences that do not only interact with the child from a young age, but it can continue onto their adult life. A child, who has dealt with a lot of stressful events or was a victim of abuse, is affected with emotional and psychological trauma. Those events that are affecting the child negatively can occur either once, a couple time a week, or it can occur every day of the person’s life if something is not done to stop the abuse. A child who has experienced abuse or a traumatic event can began to show symptoms such as shock, anger, anxiety, etc. These symptoms of abuse can be easily turned into a child having a long term trauma. Even though, the child is affected right then in there, when they were abuses, there are also manyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury ( Tbi )805 Words   |  4 Pages Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), often called concussions, are very common occurrences in children. These are bruises in the brain which occur when an impact to the head causes the brain to shake back and forth against the skull. 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