Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Essay Example (Jessor 2004, p. 45) The reasons for teenage pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome are mostly psychological and social, and it is understandable, that the influence and effects of teenage pregnancy may become terrible for young girls, if not properly treated. In connection with this, Shonfeld and Mattson (2005) write, that 'the socialization deficits and views on stealing and obeying the law may serve as early indicators of later maladaptive behaviour. In terms of the overall moral maturity score, it is possible that this global measure is not sensitive enough in detecting delinquency in youth with prenatal alcohol exposure.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) What is meant here is that leaving school causes the lack of communication and socialization, which in its turn leads to the alcohol intake of a pregnant girl, which is destructive for her future child. The problematic issue is whether the young girl will be able to go successfully through her pregnancy, as well as the proper bringing out and caring for the child. It is a well-known fact, that pregnancy is always a period of exaggerated emotions for the future mother, even if her conditions are optimal, which cannot be said about most pregnant adolescents. The time of pregnancy is the period of absolute physical and psychological changes, and these changes are even more vivid with the young teenage girls. Schonfeld and Mattson also write in their article: 'As a developmental phase, adolescence is positioned between childhood and adulthood. Conventional theory holds that adolescence is a time during which teenagers assert their sense of identity, rebelling from the control and authority of their parents. Thus, it is not unusual to encounter a high degree of emotional turmoil in the adolescent. When a teenager becomes pregnant, however, the continuity of both the physical and the psychological growth is abruptly interrupted.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) This is also one of the main causes for the pregnant girl drinking too much alcohol, which finally leads to the FAS and thus to the most negative consequences for the child. The psychological consequences of the adolescent pregnancy are various and vary in the wide range. Pregnancy is altering the conscience of the young girl, and thus she becomes preoccupied with different dreams and fantasies in relation to her future infant. But all these fantasies towards an adolescent are always much exaggerated, especially when the pregnancy was not planned (which is the most common situation). 'The emotional confusion that surfaces in the pregnant woman may also cause her to blur the boundaries between 'self' and 'other'. (Blos, 1980) With the child developing in the girl's body, their identities often tend to merge, which happens on psychological and also on the physical level. But this sense of merging will

Advocacy activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advocacy activity - Essay Example In order to succeed in this task, documenting the changes taking place in terms of legislations and policies, as a tool of social change is hence inevitable. Policy change is one of the greatest foundations, and a highly recommended approach to address the unique challenges faced by the society. The rapidly changing dynamics of the political environment around us clearly highlight the significance of the administration as a professionalizing agent in the field of political science (Furner, 2010). This paper aims to outline an approach to evaluate policy change by highlighting key priorities beginning from a brief overview of the chosen legislation, the significance and scope of the issue, the broad implications of the legislation, as well as an in-depth account of the elected official followed by an explanation of the entire process starting from the basic reasons behind the choice of the elected official an overview of the key points of discussion, to be carried out during the perso nal interview. Summary of the legislation: The key to addressing and resolving various social issues faced by the society lies in the determination of the social reformers and their relentless pursuit to create a more humane society by engaging in policy advocacy (Jansson, 2010). HIV AIDS is one such critical problem faced by the United States. With a total of 1.2 million Americans living with HIV (CDC, 2012), and one in five people are unaware of their infection (Aids.gov, 2012) it is identified as a serious public health concern thus indicating an urgent need to eradicate it through effective policy changes. This section discusses the Cure for AIDS Act 2012, introduced by Representative James Himes in the House, and is aimed at finding an effective cure for the epidemic and makes it accessible in the United States as well as globally. It proposes to establish a research program under the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program of the Department of Defense to accomplish i ts goal (Govtrack.us). The program is proposed to be headed by the Secretary of Defense in collaboration with the Director of National Institutes of Health; the Director of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and any head of a Federal agency as deemed appropriate by the Secretary. The program aims to develop a cure for HIV/AIDS through extensive research programs, aimed at addressing the fundamental issues such as the key causes behind the persistence of the disease despite the use of various therapies; and developing and identifying various testing interventions to control the spread of any further spread of the disease, among others. The program also seeks to gain assistance from Non-profit entities in terms of co-ordination and sharing of responsibilities through partnership and provision of peer-reviewed funded research. The key objective of this bill is to ensure an effective cure for HIV/AIDS by supporting and encouraging innovative research. The conviction to find a cure has been strengthened further after the recent case of Timothy Brown, the first person ever to be cured of the 'incurable' disease (CBS News, 2012), thus providing a renewed hope to the medical practitioners, researchers and policy makers to revive and accelerate their efforts towards working and campaigning for the just cause. Significance and scope of the issue: HIV/ AIDS is a global epidemic affecting 34 million people worldwide, and claiming 1.8 million lives as of 2010 (WHO, 2012). According to available statistics the situation is equally grave for high-income developed countries as well including the United States. Over 1.2 million people in the United S

Career Portfolio Essay Example for Free

Career Portfolio Essay Statement of Authenticity This is to confirm that this is the portfolio of Phalisha Stevens. It contains information detailing his education background, work experience and skills. This document should not be copied either in full or part without prior authority from Genevieve Allen. Personal Mission Statement To look for a demanding position where I can productively apply my strong knowledge of development in medical practice management including physician contracting, utilization review, and quality assurance systems. I would also like to lead with my experience in Revenue Cycle, Business Management, Customer Service, Administrative and/or Program Management, Public Health, Program concepts, Policy and procedure implementation, compliance training, and financial assessments for the good of the organization. Elevator Speech I am hardworking and self-motivated individual with hands on experience and cross functional expertise in development in medical practice management including physician contracting, utilization review, and quality assurance systems ability to provide efficient, timely and accurate results. Have studied and hold in-depth understanding of Business Administration, utilization review, and quality assurance systems, I have been commended for excellent in performance, and outstanding experience in Revenue Cycle, Business Management, Customer Service, Administrative and/or Program Management, Public Health, Program concepts, Policy and procedure implementation, compliance training, and financial assessments. My goal is to become a valuable corporate asset by providing within a challenging and rewarding environment and to contribute effectively to organizational success. Education Background Devry University, BSBA Bachelor of Science in Business Administration– In Process –May 2015 3.18 GPA Resume Genevieve Allen 4549 Dix St NE Washington, D.C. 20019 (425)[emailprotected] To look for a demanding position in a challenging work environment where I can productively apply my strong knowledge of development in medical practice management including physician contracting, utilization review, and quality assurance systems for the good of the organization. Devry University, BSBA Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Supervisor/Bartender/Server- Rookies Sports Bar and Grill 6/2013-Current Seattle, WA, General Manager: Joni Moriarty (Reference)(206) 722-0301 †¢Overlooking communications and duties of the staff †¢Allocating proper tip out amounts to staff †¢Batching sales and depositing correct cash sale amounts daily, also responsible for handling cash banks †¢Inventory of spirits and ingredients for the bar’s nightly production †¢Creating and severing cocktails to all customers in the restaurant †¢Working well with owner, and taking directions and instructions when needed. †¢Updating P.O.S. system when necessary Server- Sunset Alehouse7/2010-10/2011_9/2012-6/2013 Issaquah, WA, Supervisor: Stephanie Salesman (Reference)(425) 391-8395 †¢Always maintain excellent customer service skills. †¢Working well with co-workers, managers, and owners. †¢Communicating properly, as well as resolving any conflicts with guests, co-workers, kitchen, and or managers. †¢ Tipping out bussers and bartenders as well as correctly reporting tips upon each shift completion. Sales Associate-Once Upon a Time On Queen Anne11/2011-9/2012 Bellevue and Seattle, WA, Owner: Janelle McCrackin (Reference)(206) 284-7260 †¢Always maintaining excellent customer service skills. †¢Staying updated and knowledgeable with the hundreds of products. †¢Taking care of invoices, inventory, new products, and pricing. †¢Training new employees, as well as creating daily schedules. †¢Keeping stores organized at all times. †¢Dealing with special orders for customers. †¢Working well with owner, co-workers, and customers. Professional Development and Training Awards and Accomplishments Volunteer History Volunteer Youth Services Manager American Red Cross Carrer development program-City Help, Inc. Professional Affiliation Affiliate member of AHIMA Affiliate member of AAPC Career Path My first year goal is to graduate from Devry University with Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. My two year go is to apply and be a manager of a resort. My five year goal it to find and be in a Property management position where I can use my skills, knowledge and expertise to enable value creation and develop my skills further. Work Samples Referees References Piotrowski, K. (2008). The career cowards guide to resumes: Sensible strategies for overcoming job search fears. Indianapolis, IN: JIST Works.

Premier Hand Car Wash Analysis

Premier Hand Car Wash Analysis By researching and studying all these factors it can be shown to specific groups or individuals that acquire of facts that relate to the organisation or are willing to gain knowledge from for future success or studies. Background Premier Hand Car Wash is located on Level 1 entrance of Bathurst Street Liverpool Westfields shopping centre. The company employees for six (6) workers and the owner himself and has currently been running the business for over five (5) years. Premier Hand Car Wash has no true competitors that are trying to offer the same quality and service, most are try to compete on pricing alone. Premier Hand Car Wash main responsibility is to provide a high quality service, also besides washing provide immense customer service. Mission The mission of Premier Hand Car Wash is to provide top quality washing and detailing service for all vehicle owners in the western suburbs around Liverpool. The business will strive on keeping works satisfied in order to maintain a high level quality of cleaning at all times and leave customers blissful Develop marketing strategies SWOT analysis on Premier Hand Car Wash Strengths Location. Variety of Services. Customer demand. Weakness Pricing. Capacity (limited to certain amount of cars due to it being a car park and not enough room.) Rain. Winter. Opportunities Learn from other service and adjust and accept change to the organisation. Place a suggestion box for further ideas from customers on what they would like from services. Look for sponsors to assist the company with sprays and other clean utensils. Threats Local Competitors. Self clean carwashes. Automatic carwash. Market Segments The strategy used by Premier Hand Car Wash is to attract as many repeated customers as possible because it is easy to retain them but hard to build new ones, especially during the winter seasons. The location that the car wash is set is perfect for all types of customers that are going shopping for several hours and want to leave their car with our company to be cleaned and also be waiting for your arrival. Premier Hand Car Wash doesnt just target one specific age group; they target customers by the type of vehicle that they own. Premier Hand Car Wash believes that the type of car you have tells you a great deal about the service youre willing to purchase and to what standard/detail it requires. The following will explain customer profiles: New car owner: These customers are most likely to use a basic wash service; these customers bring their vehicle for a wash or detailing on a regular basis. The goal/aim with this customer is to keep their car looking as good as it did when it was purchased from the car lot. Sport car owner: These are usually the younger or middle aged group of men that try and retain the new look of their cars. This group will require at least once to two times a week of a basic wash, also occasional will request a deluxe wash or wax and polish. Older car owner: These people have owned a car for several years or are unable to clean it themselves. Either way they require their cars to look in the best possible shape they can. Dealerships : There are a few dealerships located within 10km from Premier Hand Car Wash therefore every so often they use a basic car wash service to detail their products before they are sold or put on sale. Trends in the Market Trends affecting business and Competitors/ Potential Competitors: Premier Hand Car Wash in the past one to two years has had an increase of 40% in competitors ranging from: Automatic carwashes Hand washes However these two areas of cleaning have taken a large sum of the consumers due to better pricing or certain discounts/additives on washes. The closest competitor is located at Orange Grove, were it has facilities to many take-away stores also availability to Harvey Norman; the other two are located further out on Hoxton park road and offer free coffee on every visit that you purchase a wash. Competitors Prices: Competitors Name Pricing Automatic Car Wash/ Do it yourself Automatic Which offers a Basic Wash (exterior only) priced at $33 Do it yourself Price at $1 dollar every 1minute for every machine Organ Grove Hand Car Wash Basic Wash $20, Deluxe Wash $33, Waxing Polishing $100 Hoxton park Road Car Wash #1 Basic Wash $23, Deluxe Wash $31, Waxing Polishing $115 Hoxton park Road Car Wash #2 Basic Wash $25, Deluxe Wash $32, Waxing Polishing $98 Even tho these competitors have taken a quit large sum of the customers, Premier Carwash still holds its name for the most quality wash in the local area of small business. The car wash is thinking of reducing prices up to 15% so that their prices, saving the consumers $5-$15 per wash*(includes only for: deluxe wash/waxing and polish) this is so it pushes more customers into purchasing the more expensive product increase funds and at the same time recovering lost customer and eliminating potential threats due to low pricing. Advantages/Disadvantages of choosing Premier Hand Car Wash over competitors: Advantage of Premier Hand Car Wash Disadvantage of Premier Hand Car Wash Greater Knowledge due to longer experience Higher quality rate Reputation Location that has a number of facilities to visit while waiting Insured encase of damage to vehicle Excellent customer service skills Safe sprays and cleaning products Highly priced No discounted rates No free coffee or tokens to offer Insufficient room More company promotion needed to advise individuals due to being underground in a parking lot. Ethical and Cultural marketing objectives Some appropriate marketing objectives are as follows: Gain 500 new customers with the first year of setting standards Clean at-least 30 cars minimum a day Expand in the number of car parking spots reserved to the car wash by 10% within 2years time Leave 95% of customers satisfied every day Marketing strategies to achieve Objectives The main strategy to achieve marketing objectives is the need for a professional detailer and has at-least a certificate 4 in car detailing and if one hasnt been found training for an individual must be paid for to do so. Reason for this is high end sports cars or luxury cars come in and ask for a detailed wash no one on site apart from the owner can work on the car. Marketing Mix Financial effects Sales 2006Â   2007 2008 Full Wash $26,080 $22,320 $44,616 Exterior Wash $15,654 $23,650 $41,574 Interior Clean $13,160 $9,009 $11,712 End User Detail $18,060 $20,985 $43,425 Business Fleet Washes $9,150 $7,225 $13,838 Car Dealership Details $35,580 $33,150 $77,040 Total Sales $117,684 $116,339 $232,204 The above diagram demonstrates the sales that Premier Hand Car Wash had over the years and indicates that the business had a good start with $117,684 which then down sided and earned $1,000 less than the year before it. Many things happen during this year which impacted the companies decline stage which was mentioned in the previous statements, the matters that affect it was low advertising, competitors grew by almost 40% threw automatic carwashes and other competitive hand carwashes. Once the company put strategies in place and decreased prices and maintain quality and increased advertising it had shown in 2008 their money doubled in that year. Volume Chart Volume Chart for One Month of Supplies The above graph shows that most of the companys profits come from interior and exterior services. Most of the extras and other service that have been purchased dont get much profit but there for dont have to be purchased for the next five to six months so in the long run sufficient amount of funding is produced from them. Product life cycle The above diagram demonstrates is the product life cycle. During the Launch of the product there were certain needs that organisation like car washes desired from the high end high pressured vacuum cleaners. Once the product had entered the introduction and growth phase it started to progress highly and reaching its highest points during maturity and saturation phase. Once there was an updated version of this the product it had become clear it was unfavourable and this is where possibly certain percentage of customers might have left to competition due to upgraded technology. Alternative Distribution Channels There is no need for alternative distribution channels because it is a direct service. But if there was a need for selling of car sprays and cleaning utensils the advantages of using an alternative distribution channel would be, it can provide intensive market sales and bigger profit margins than the original one, frat rates are cheaper, quicker delivery process. Levels of Customer Service By having certain customer promotional activities such as VIP card for regular customers, this is encourage them to stay with the company for longer periods, the card is only offered to regular customers which certain gifts are added (some gifts could involve: free coffee, movie tickets, free car wash every 3rd visit) or discounted prices from each visit, while normal pricing is offered to day to day customers. Customer Service Standards By setting the following into an everyday work activity it proven to improve quality let alone customer satisfaction, the following is an example of some standards that can be put in place: A checklist can be created detailing and recording the cars appearance before and after Premier Hand Car Wash as completed their service KPI measures for the minimum requirement of acceptable work. EG: Floor and seat cleaned spotless but stains that cant be taken off are left as they are Also a suggestion box is a good idea to be left for customer to evaluate team performance Once these activities have been completed to a successful rate alongside many more. Customers will start paying more for the service you put forward allowing the organisation to increase sales and gain more profit while the customer is left satisfied with a quality finish which benefits them. Promotional activities Internet forums Sunday Telegraph Due to the car wash not having one specific age group to target it makes it tough to plan what the customer is willing to see as an advertisement and also because they are a small business its roughly impossible to fund large amounts of money for television advertisements. This is why other forms of advertising must be arranged and they are as follows: Flyers Mail box drop offs Discount tokens Every 10th wash get one free Prizes -Chance to win your own home cleaning set Implement Strategies Recruiting Process Advertising Process to find employees: Premier Hand Car Wash The recruiting stage will be done by the owner this is due to the organisation being a small business and not having excess funding towards human resources to do advertising and inducting which might be a long process. The job advertising will be done within the centre; signage will be posted up on a window of the carwash building also on the entrance towards the staircase. If no worker has been found in between 2-3 days, then it will be posted on seek.com or carrerone.com website. The process Premier Hand Car Wash use saves a large amount of time due to so many people going past this signage and reading it and also saves the company plenty of money for not calling HR and paying them to recruit an individual. Experience and Educational needs for job: No previous education or experience is needed, all you have to bring to the job is a dedicated attitude and is highly self motivated and have good English speaking skills and have good customer communication skills. Recommended Training: When a new team member arrives to the carwash the owner introduces him to all the employees and asks the staff to teach him/her the skills that are needed. The training takes two days of learning the basics in each area of cleaning vehicles. Also while in training your pay is deducted in half because you cant perform as well. Working hours: The owner of this business will be calling the employees two to three hours before their shift starts this is because he offers only casual jobs and wants to know also who is serious about the job and who isnt by doing this tactic. The employees will be called only on the days that they are available, the longer the employee stays within the organisation the more stable his/her job becomes and a timetable of working hours is created instead of calling when they are needed. Action Plan Name of Duty Action Who is Responsible Time of Shift , Break and end shift Date Interior Cleaning Vacuuming Wipe down interior plastics Clean bad odour Fred Jacob Start Shift at 8am 20/11/10 30min Break at 12pm Finish work 5pm Wash Bay Rinses car Soaping it Using poisons to kill off stains and other markings Anthony John Start Shift at 8:30 am 20/11/10 20min Break at 1pm Finish work 5pm Wiping down Using cloth to wipe down car Tyre shine Double checking everything is clean Window cleaning Alex Milos Start Shift at 8am 20/11/10 30min Break at 11:30pm Finish work 5pm Driving cars and meeting dead lines Maintain schedule Drive cars in and out parking lot Communicate with customers Money handle Johnny Start Shift at 7am 20/11/10 30min Break at 12:30pm Finish work 6pm Promotional Activities over 1 year Advertisement Costing Flyers $800 Website $14069 Prizes $550 Sunday Telegraph $2100 Monitor and Improve Monitor Marketing Performance The monitoring of marketing performance will be done through these key performance indicators: The use of data bases to measure promotional methods Number of visits to internet forum/website Increased parking space becoming full Number of calls about products done through advertisement by flyers, mail box drop offs and posters Contingency plans The way the car wash will work on its contingency plan is by asking the consumer at the end of the cleaning producer how they took notice of the company. From this Premier Hand Car Wash has been given valuable information that they can record. This is because if they are posting adds on the internet and paying for the site to stay up and progress is not coming from that section they can spend less time and money on that section and more on flyers/mail box drop offs if that is where all their customers are finding out about their organisation.

Waste allowance of muna building

Waste allowance of muna building Introduction Waste is any substance or object(s) the holder discards or intends to discard. Any material which is perceived to have no further use is waste.Waste becomes more a product because of the cost and location of aggregates and other new materials and also because of the cost of disposal. These two factors drive the definition of waste. If you have easy availability of landfill and large quantities of aggregate close at hand you will not get a premium on the use of recycled materials. Concept of construction waste Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction or industries. This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical wiring, and rebar. Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused for various reasons during construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% usually assumed by quantity surveyors. Efficacy of waste allowance The following benefits can be achieved if estimators use waste allowance while pricing:- Ø Cost savings Ø Financial benefits Ø Financial benefits Ø Identify the actual cost. Ø Uses materials efficiently Ø Uses materials efficiently Ø Ensure that waste issues are considered and addressed Ø Comparing against estimates and targets (Reducing_Material_Wastage_in_Construction.3b4442f9.4711.pdf,http://www. longworthconsulting.co.uk ) Encouraging Prevention of Construction Waste In general the environmental advantages of using reclaimed or recycled materials are greatest if the material or product is used in the highest grade application possible. For example one should process demolition rubble and use it as aggregate for a new concrete rather than just using it for fill. Waste arriving methods in construction materials Flooring:- cutting of floor tiles to fit room layouts Ceilings:- cutting of ceiling tiles and fixing to fit room layouts Insulations: -cutting of insulation boards to fit openings Tiling: -cutting of floor and wall tiles to suit design and rooms shapes Paving::-cutting of paving slabs to fit layout To reduce waste on construction sites certain general recommendations may be made, e.g. Ø Need to critically assess the quantities ordered Ø Review the ordering procedures Ø Manage deliveries Ø Protect materials during storage Ø Only take the material that is needed Ø Return surplus materials to stores Ø Protect materials at the work-site The Different Waste Types Visible Waste What you see in the skip. Process Waste Badly designed procedures or working practices that lead to inefficiency, ineffectiveness and errors. Waiting and searching for someone/something/information is a big invisible waste. Transaction Waste Transactions are people-to-people activities such as communications, excessive planning/discussions and delayed project handovers. The idea of lost time is an invisible waste. The waste produced by the construction industry is not just a burden on the environment and the ecological system, but it is also a huge cost to the industry itself. For example: Ø Transport cost of excess material to site Ø Cleaning and collection of excess material and waste Ø Transport of waste from the building site Ø Waste disposal costs Ø Better project planning: planning of material requirements (exact quantities), planning of material deliveries to site and planning of material usage Ø Organized waste disposal Ø Increasing the level of recycling of construction waste Solving the problems of waste disposaltouches many vendors involved in the construction project: the owner, designers, contractors, etc. It starts from making it a concern already at initial stages of the project planning and continuing it through the design phase. Contractors and sub-contractors can play their part by better project planning which will also reduce their material and waste disposal costs bringing them a direct financial benefit. Reduce Ø Reduce the amount of money spent on waste. Ø Reduce waste disposal costs, e.g. handling charges, transport and taxes/levies. Ø Reduce the amount of raw material used. Ø Reduce the amount of waste on site. Ø Reduce transport of waste movements to recycling centres or landfill. Ø Reduce the amount of effort used to do a repetitive job. Improve Ø Improves efficiency on-site. Ø Influence worker habits while a relative degree of choice exists for disposal costs/options. Ø Better jobsite tidiness = improved health and safety. Ø Improves the site image. Ø Improves site management processes. (Construction_waste,) Table 1 Compare The West Allowance For Three Published Sources WORKS WESSEX PRICE BOOK(%) LAXTONS PRICE BOOK(%) SPONS PRICE BOOK(%) D Groundwork 5-10 % 5 40 % Add in to total E In situ concrete/Large precast concrete 2-12.5 % 2.5 15 % Add in to total F Masonry 1.5-5 % 2.5 15 % Add in to total G Structural/Carcassing Metal/Timber 2.5-5 % 2.5 10 % Add in to total H Cladding/Covering 2.5-10% 2.5 10 % Add in to total J Waterproofing 2-10 % 2.5 20 % Add in to total K Linings/Sheathing/Dry partitioning 2-10 % 2.5 20 % Add in to total L Windows/Doors/Stairs 2.5-10 % 2.5 10 % Add in to total M Surface finishes 2.5-10 % 5 50 % Add in to total N Furniture/Equipment 2.5-10 % 2.5 25 % Add in to total P Building fabric sundries 2.5-10 % 2.5 20 % Add in to total Q Paving/Planting/Fencing/Site furniture 2.5-10 % 2.5 40 % Add in to total R Disposal systems 2.5-10 % 1 15 % Add in to total S Piped supply systems 2.5-10% 2 10 % Add in to total T Mechanical heating/Cooling/Refrigeration systems 2-10 % 1 5 % Add in to total U Ventilation/Air-conditioning systems 5 % 2.5 % Add in to total V Electrical systems 5% 2.5 15 % Add in to total W Security systems 2.5-5% 2.5 % Add in to total Conclusion Waste allowance, the third essential element of a bill of materials, is important because during construction a certain amount of material is wasted due to cutting, fitting, and handling. For example, lumber comes in standard lengths which seldom can be used without cutting and fitting. Sometimes the piece of lumber cut off is used, but more often it goes into the scrap heap. Another example is mortar sand which is normally stored at the job site. The sand on the bottom of the pile cannot be picked up without some earth getting in it. This generally makes the sand unusable and therefore wasted. Waste allowance must be included in a bill of material to cover unavoidable losses. Allowance percentage is based on the function of the items, when developing waste allowance multiply the total quantity of any one particular part. Here spons price book didnt mention waste allowance separately Because that s included in total all in rate. Here my comparing purpose i used three published sources (Spons Architects And Builders Price Book, Laxtons building price book, Wessex price book) for finished this task, If we consider all works there is slide different for all three sources. So I recommended percentage waste allowance is most reliable for building works. Construction Industry Joint Council (CIJC) Working Rule Agreement The Working Rules Agreement (WRA) is published by the Joint Council for the Building Civil Engineering Industry (NI). The WRA contains the promulgated wages, allowances, holiday pay and pension entitlements together with a variety of other basic terms and conditions of employment. It forms the basic contract of employment for the industry. The WRA is incorporated by express reference in the standard Statement of Main Terms and Conditions of Employment. The working rules Part of the cost of labour is naturally the actual wages paid to the workers carrying out the productive work. The workers are generally referred to as operatives and we will return to the idea of productive work later in the chapter. The remainder of the cost of labour is made up of a number of payments which the builder must make and which are a direct result of employing operatives. Table -2 -Type of works relevant rules Type Rule Work in difficult conditions WR1 Bonus WR2 Working hours WR3 Overtime WR4 Daily fare and travel allowance WR5 Rotary shift working WR6 Night work WR7 Continuous working WR8 Tide work WR9 Tunnel work WR 10 Refuelling,servicingmaintenance WR 11 Storage of tools WR12 Loss of clothing WR 13 Transfer arrangements WR14 Subsistence allowance WR15 Period leave WR16 Guaranteed miniweekly earnings WR17 Annual holidays WR18 Sick pay WR20 Benefit schemes WR21 For my comparing purpose here also i take three public sources (Spons Architects And Builders Price Book, Laxtons building price book, Wessex price book).Here i mention Wessex price book example calculation ( under Construction Industry Joint Council (CIJC) Working Rule Agreement)- Table 3 Calculation of labour cost CIJC award Annual Cost of wages Craftsman Labourer Flat time 1893,8hrs,at 9.00 17044.20 at 6.77 12821.03 Non- productive overtime 65.5 hrs at 9.00 589.50 at 6.77 443.44 Public holidays 63.0 hrs at 9.00 567.00 at 6.77 426.51 Holiday pay allowance 176.0 hrs at 9.00 1584.00 at 6.77 1191.52 Sick pay 5 days at 18.72 93.60 at 18.72 93.60 Plus rate 2022.3 hrs at 9.83 - At- 19878.30 14976.09 Employes national insurance 12.80% 2544.42 12.80% 1916.94 Training allowance 0.50% of paye 99.39 At 0.50% 74.88 22522.11 16967.91 Severance pay other statutory costs 2.00% 450.44 2.00% 339.36 22972.56 17307.27 Total cost of productive hours 2.00% 459.45 2.00% 346.15 23432.01 17653.41 Total labour cost per hour 12.625 9.512 Effect of 10p/h pls rate on total cost pr hr 0.1284 0.1284 Wessex price book: 23rd edition (2006), Wessex Electronic Publishing Limited Conclusion The CIJC Working Rule Agreement will be recognized as Public Holidays for the purposes of the employees Employer. WRA provide flexible working hrs ,over time bonus.If we calculating all in rate (plant, material labour) we must follow the working rule agreement.

Solutions to Poverty: Its Time To Deport The Homeless Essay -- Soluti

The homeless population is growing in America. There are more and more Americans living in boxes, sleeping on park benches and panhandling on the streets each day. These people tend to make us, the non-homeless, feel uncomfortable and unsafe. They are also placing increasing stress on the nation's economy. In short, the homeless are a burden on the rest of society. There needs to be action taken against them. "I shall now humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection (Swift.)" I propose that all of the homeless be relocated to foreign third world countries. They can then be hired in American factories producing shoes, automobiles and other various goods at less than one dollar per hour. This will solve many of the problems that are mentioned in Marin’s â€Å"Helping and Hating the Homeless" and Michael Moore’s films â€Å"Roger and Me,† â€Å"Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint,† and â€Å"The Big One.† These problems include both safety and economic issues. The homeless have the ability to make the non-homeless feel threatened and unsafe (Marin.) â€Å"They are homeless, are strangers, alien and therefore a threat (Marin.)† The threat and danger that homeless pose to American society could easily be eradicated by shipping all of them to other countries. We would then no longer have to deal with them on a day to day basis. Yet another problem that could easily be solved by relocating the homeless is that of unemployment. American companies...

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Essay -- essays papers

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Living in harmony with the environment and the laws of Nature is one of the central ideas of Rastafarianism. To live in accordance with the Earth is to live in accordance with Jah; it is incorporated into the morality that is Rastafarian consciousness. The Rasta's reverence for nature is influenced by the traditional African religions which are still practiced in Jamaica and which have also influenced Christianity on the island tremendously. Hinduism, too, has influenced many Rastafarian beliefs and practices. Through the Rastafarian's calculated rejection of Western cultural norms they have come to realize capitalism and the environmental destruction it has caused as Babylon, a place of destruction and greed. In order to escape this"Babylon system"a lifestyle has been employed that is focused on a correlation between man and nature. This lifestyle is an environmentally sound ideal that others around the World are only now beginning to strive for. The African Tradition In order to understand the Rastafarian idealism relating to the environment we must first consider the traditions from which it came. In Jamaica, the survival of the African religious tradition can be felt throughout the island. Most clearly this religious tradition is demonstrated by Kumina groups. Kumina is generally accepted as being West African in origin; brought here by the Ashanti. These people above all others were taken for the slave trade because the British regarded them as an especially sturdy and good for labor (Barrett 16,1997.) The Ashanti came to dominate slave, and later, peasant society, especially within the realm of religion. The practice eventually spread throughout the slave World (Barrett 17,19... ...go Press 1986) 5) Jacobs, Virginia Lee Roots of Rastafari (San Diego, Slawson Communications, Inc 1985) 6) Johnson-Hill, Jack A. I-Sight, The World of Rastafari: An Interpretive Sociological Account of Rastafarian Ethics (Metuchen N.J., The American Theological Library Ass. And Scarecrow Press, Ink. 1995) 7) Morrish, Ivan Jamaica and its Religions (Cambridge, James Clarke and Co. 1982) 8) Reddington, Norman Rastafari History, http://lamar.colostate.edu/~`laingg/rasta.html May 1995 9) Turner, Terisa Arise Ye Mighty People: Gender, Class, and Race in Popular Struggles,"The New Society"(Trenton, Africa World Press, 1994) 10) Witvliet, Theo A Place in the Sun: An Introductio to Liberation Theology in the Third World (SCM Press Ltd. 1985) 11) Youd, Ital Itations of Jamaica and I Rastafari... the First Itation (Miami, Judah Anbesa Ihntahnahshinch 1987)